What the science of communication is all about
What Is Communications as a Science?
Communication is part of our everyday lives. We talk to friends, browse social media, read the news. Most of us take these exchanges for granted, but some people study the scientific principles behind them.
The scientific study of communication focuses on how messages are transmitted through various channels. For instance, verbal communication involves spoken words, while nonverbal cues include gestures and facial expressions, and mass communication encompasses newspapers, radio broadcasts, and social media.
Additionally, communications research examines factors that influence the reception of messages. This includes cultural context or personal biases that may alter interpretation.
Methodology of a Social Science
The methodology of social science is crucial in understanding human behavior and interactions. Communications draws on influence from economics, political science, history, anthropology, the language arts, psychology and cognitive science. As a science, communications serves to examine and explain patterns using evidence, often which has been quantified.
Observational studies involve researchers watching participants’ actions without interference. By examining nonverbal cues during conversations, one may discern patterns that influence message interpretation.
Experiments allow scientists to manipulate variables and measure outcomes, such as testing the impact of different communication styles on persuasion success. These controlled settings provide valuable insights into cause-and-effect relationships within communicative processes.
In summary, employing diverse methodologies enables social scientists to explore various aspects of communication effectively. Through rigorous investigation, we gain a deeper comprehension of how humans exchange information across multiple contexts.
Objectives of a Social Science
The Objectives of a Social Science are vital in guiding research and understanding. These goals provide direction for scholars as they explore the intricacies of human behavior and communication.
As a social science, the objective of communications is to examine and explain things that happen in the world around us. However, it is not to simultaneously draw conclusions about whether those things are right or wrong. For example, a communications scientist might posit that there is a difference between the way that men and women convey feelings of attraction. However, they would not state whether this is good for society, or whether it is right.
Moreover, communications aims to evaluate patterns that can be useful in examining human behavior. This means that they need to strike a careful balance when it comes to specificity. If a communications scientist overgeneralizes, the conclusions might not be useful. But if we under-generalize and say that every person is completely different, there are no actionable conclusions we can draw. One aim of communications is to strike a fine balance when it comes to the specificity of an evaluation.
Four Systems of Communication
The four systems of communication – intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, and mass – encompass the diverse ways in which humans exchange information. Each system serves a unique function in facilitating understanding among individuals.
Intrapersonal communication refers to internal dialogue within oneself. For instance, an individual may weigh the pros and cons of a decision before making a choice. Interpersonal communication involves direct interaction between two people, such as friends discussing their weekend plans.
Small group communication occurs among several participants working together towards a common goal; for example, colleagues collaborating on a project. Lastly, mass communication reaches large audiences through various media channels like television broadcasts or newspaper articles. Typically, a small group communication is defined as a mass communication if it’s impossible to notice the absence of a specific person from the forum. For example, a board meeting with 7 people would be a small group communication, but a professor addressing 200 people in a lecture hall would be a mass communication.
These distinct systems highlight the multifaceted nature of human connection and demonstrate how effective communication adapts to different contexts and purposes.
Three Types of Norms
The three types of norms – folkways, mores, and taboos – govern human behavior in various societies. These unwritten rules shape our interactions and maintain social order.
Folkways are everyday customs that guide casual interactions. For instance, holding the door for someone or saying “please” and “thank you.” While not strictly enforced, they promote harmony within communities.
Mores represent moral standards that define right from wrong. Examples include honesty, respect for elders, or refraining from theft. Violating these norms may result in disapproval and pressure along with other consequences.
Taboos involve prohibitions against specific actions deemed unacceptable by society. Typically, these don’t even require pressure to be applied because the norm is so strong. Engaging in incest or cannibalism are examples of such behaviors.
By understanding these norms, we can better navigate diverse cultural landscapes while fostering effective communication across different contexts.
What Is a Metamessage?
A metamessage is a subtle, underlying meaning that accompanies the primary message in communication. It adds depth and nuance to our interactions, enriching the exchange of ideas.
For example, consider a student who asks their teacher for clarification on an assignment. The words spoken convey the primary message – seeking information about the task. However, the tone of voice or facial expression may reveal a metamessage of frustration or confusion.
Similarly, when someone says “fine” with crossed arms and a frown, their body language conveys dissatisfaction despite their verbal agreement. Metamessages can also be conveyed through context; saying “I love you” as parting words carries different implications than uttering it during an argument.
In essence, metamessages provide vital clues to understanding others’ intentions and emotions beyond mere words. Recognizing these hidden meanings enables us to navigate complex social situations more effectively and foster genuine connections with those around us.
Milton Rokeach's Theory of Beliefs, Attitudes and Values
Milton Rokeach’s Theory of Beliefs, Attitudes and Values offers a framework for understanding the foundations of human communication. This theory delves into the cognitive processes that shape our interactions with others.
Beliefs, according to Rokeach, are convictions about reality that guide our thoughts and actions. For instance, one may believe in the importance of honesty or trustworthiness.
Attitudes encompass positive or negative evaluations towards specific objects or situations; an example would be someone’s attitude towards public speaking.
Values represent enduring principles that influence decision-making and behavior across various contexts. Examples include valuing equality, meritocracy or tradition.
By examining these three components – beliefs, attitudes, and values – we can better comprehend how individuals communicate their ideas and emotions within diverse social settings.
Non-Didactic Communication and Small Group Dynamics
Non-didactic communication, as opposed to didactic communication, involves the exchange of ideas and information without a specific intention to instruct or educate. This form of communication is characterized by its spontaneous, interactive, and egalitarian nature, emphasizing collaboration, mutual understanding, and shared experiences.
Small group dynamics play a critical role in facilitating non-didactic communication. Within groups, members often engage in separate conversations. Formal rules, including group norms and expectations, help to maintain order and guide interactions, while the formation of sub-groups can enrich discussions by introducing diverse perspectives.
However, small group dynamics can also present challenges, such as groupthink, where conformity stifles critical thinking and creativity.
Within group communications, social scientists distinguish between primary groups (e.g., family and close friends) which foster deeper emotional connections and secondary groups (e.g., professional or social organizations) which typically focus on specific tasks or interests. This distinction can affect the degree of intimacy, trust, and authenticity in non-didactic communication.
Leadership Communication
Leadership communication plays a pivotal role in the functioning and success of any group or organization. Effective leaders recognize the importance of clear, concise, and persuasive communication to inspire, motivate, and guide their team members. Various social leadership styles influence the way leaders communicate with their followers, each with its unique approach and characteristics.
Authoritarian leaders centralize decision-making power and maintain strict control over their subordinates. Their communication style is often direct and unidirectional, with little room for feedback or discussion.
Democratic leaders, on the other hand, foster a more inclusive and participatory environment. They encourage open communication, collaboration, and shared decision-making, valuing the input and perspectives of their team members.
Instrumental leaders prioritize goal achievement and task completion. They communicate with their followers in a structured, goal-oriented manner, focusing on problem-solving and efficient execution.
Expressive leaders emphasize the interpersonal aspects of leadership, nurturing relationships, and fostering a positive group atmosphere. Their communication style is characterized by empathy, support, and encouragement, aimed at boosting morale and promoting group cohesion.
Laissez-faire leaders adopt a hands-off approach, granting their subordinates significant autonomy and decision-making power. Their communication is often minimal, providing guidance only when necessary and allowing team members to navigate their tasks independently.
